Part 13 - Connecting Actions

Part 13.1 - ~고 — “And” (Connecting Two Actions)

Basic Information

In Korean, the ending ~고 is used to connect two verbs or actions. It means “and” when linking two actions or events in a sentence. This connector shows that actions happen one after another or together.

You use ~고 by attaching it to the verb stem of the first verb, then following it with the second verb or clause.

Grammar Rule

Here’s how to use ~고:
1. Take the verb stem.
2. Add ~고.
3. Follow it with the next verb or action.

Structure:
Verb Stem + ~고 + Verb

Example Sentences

Korean	English
저는 밥을 먹고 학교에 가요.	I eat and then go to school.
영화를 보고 친구를 만났어요.	I watched a movie and met a friend.
책을 읽고 잠을 자요.	I read a book and sleep.

Important Notes

• ~고 simply connects two or more actions without showing cause or reason.
• The order of actions can be simultaneous or sequential, depending on context.
• Commonly used in daily conversation and writing.

Summary

Use ~고 to connect two actions, meaning “and.”
It links verbs in a sequence or together.
This is a basic way to join actions in Korean.

Common TOPIK I Patterns

• Verb Stem + ~고 + Verb — Connect two verbs or actions.
• 저는 밥을 먹고 학교에 가요. — I eat and go to school.
• 영화를 보고 친구를 만났어요. — I watched a movie and met a friend.

End of Lesson

Now you know how to connect actions using ~고 in Korean!
This is a very common pattern in TOPIK I and everyday speech.
Practice linking verbs to make your sentences more fluent.

Happy studying! 화이팅! ✨

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Part 13.2 - ~아서 / ~어서 / ~해서 — “So,” “Because,” and “Then” (Cause and Sequence)

Basic Information

The endings ~아서, ~어서, and ~해서 connect two clauses and express a cause, reason, or sequence. They mean “so,” “because,” or “and then,” explaining why something happened or what happened next.

Which ending you use depends on the vowel of the verb stem:
- If the last vowel is ㅏ or ㅗ, use ~아서.
- For other vowels, use ~어서.
- For 하다 verbs, use ~해서.

Grammar Rule

To form these endings:
1. Take the verb stem.
2. Add ~아서, ~어서, or ~해서 based on the vowel.
3. Follow with the second clause.

Structure:
Verb Stem + ~아서/어서/해서 + Clause

Example Sentences

Korean	English
배가 아파서 병원에 갔어요.	My stomach hurt, so I went to the hospital.
돈이 없어서 영화를 못 봤어요.	I didn’t have money, so I couldn’t watch the movie.
운동을 해서 건강해졌어요.	I exercised and became healthy.
친구를 만나서 기뻤어요.	I met my friend, so I was happy.

Important Notes

• ~아서 / ~어서 / ~해서 always express a cause or reason between two clauses.
• They indicate that the first action is the reason or cause for the second action.
• Use ~해서 for 하다 verbs like 공부하다.
• Pay attention to vowel harmony to select the correct ending.

Summary

Use ~아서 / ~어서 / ~해서 to express cause, reason, or sequence between actions.
They mean “so,” “because,” or “then.”
Choose the correct ending based on vowel harmony and verb type.

Common TOPIK I Patterns

• Verb Stem + ~아서 / ~어서 / ~해서 + Clause — Showing cause or reason.
• 배가 아파서 병원에 갔어요. — My stomach hurt, so I went to the hospital.
• 돈이 없어서 영화를 못 봤어요. — I didn’t have money, so I couldn’t watch the movie.

End of Lesson

Now you know how to express cause and reason using ~아서 / ~어서 / ~해서!
These endings are important in TOPIK I and daily conversation.
Practice using these to explain reasons and sequences in Korean.

Happy studying! 화이팅! ✨