Part 14 - Listing Nouns

Part 14.1 - ~하고 ~하고 — “And,” “And” (Listing Nouns)

Basic Information

In Korean, ~하고 is used to list two or more nouns, meaning “and.”
It is a simple and common way to link nouns in everyday speech.
When you repeat it (~하고 ~하고), you can list more than two nouns one after another, much like saying “and, and” in English.

This is one of the easiest noun connectors to use and is common in both spoken and written Korean, especially in informal polite conversation.

Grammar Rule

Here’s how to use ~하고:
1. Attach ~하고 directly after a noun.
2. To list more nouns, repeat ~하고 after each noun.
3. End with the final noun or finish the sentence.

Structure:
Noun + 하고 + Noun + 하고 + ...

Example Sentences

Important Notes

• ~하고 is used mainly in informal polite conversation.
• In formal writing or speech, you may use ~과 / ~와.
• When listing multiple nouns, you can repeat ~하고 between each one.
• ~하고 can also mean “with” when used with a person (e.g., 친구하고 같이). In this part, we focus on listing nouns.

Summary

Use ~하고 to list two or more nouns, meaning “and.”
You can repeat ~하고 to list multiple items.
This is a simple and common pattern in daily Korean.

Common TOPIK I Patterns

• Noun + 하고 + Noun + 하고 — Listing nouns.
• 사과하고 바나나를 샀어요. — I bought apples and bananas.
• 책하고 노트하고 펜을 준비했어요. — I prepared a book, a notebook, and a pen.

End of Lesson

Now you know how to use ~하고 ~하고 to list nouns in Korean!
This is a very useful pattern for TOPIK I and daily conversation.
Practice making lists of your favorite foods, hobbies, or places using this pattern.

Happy studying! 화이팅! ✨

Part 14.2 - ~(이)나 — “Or”; This or That (Nouns)

Basic Information

The particle ~(이)나 is used to show a choice between two or more nouns. It means “or” in English.
You attach ~이나 after nouns ending in a consonant, and ~나 after nouns ending in a vowel.
It can also imply flexibility, options, or even a tone of "anything is okay."

This is a simple and useful pattern to give options or alternatives when speaking.

Grammar Rule

Here’s how to use ~(이)나:
1. If the noun ends in a consonant, add ~이나.
2. If the noun ends in a vowel, add ~나.

Structure:
Noun + (이)나 + Noun
or:
Noun + (이)나 alone to suggest one option.

Example Sentences

Important Notes

• ~(이)나 gives options and choices between two or more nouns.
• It is used to mean “or” in positive sentences and to give alternatives.
• It can also express a tone of indifference — like “anything is fine.”
• You can use ~(이)나 after just one noun to suggest one option among many.

Summary

Use ~(이)나 to connect nouns with the meaning “or.”
It gives options or choices in a sentence.
This is a useful and flexible particle in daily Korean.

Common TOPIK I Patterns

• Noun + (이)나 + Noun — Giving options.
• 커피나 차를 마셔요. — I drink coffee or tea.
• 영화나 드라마를 볼 거예요. — I will watch a movie or a drama.

End of Lesson

Now you know how to use ~(이)나 to give options or choices in Korean!
This is a common pattern in TOPIK I and useful for expressing alternatives.
Practice using ~(이)나 to suggest different food, activities, or places.

Happy studying! 화이팅! ✨